Bias in research

Contamination

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Contamination In research, contamination refers to the unintended influence on the outcomes of a study due to factors that were not part of the experimental design. It occurs when external variables or participants’ knowledge affect the study’s results, making it difficult to distinguish the true effects of the variables under investigation. Contamination can compromise the … Read more

Confounding

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Confounding In research, confounding occurs when an extraneous variable influences both the independent and dependent variables, leading to a mistaken or inaccurate conclusion about their relationship. Confounding variables can distort the results of a study, creating the illusion of a causal relationship where none exists or hiding a true effect. Definition of Confounding A confounding … Read more